Zoological Garden of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka.

Situated 11 km from the Fort - Colombo, the zoo has a fine collection of animals, birds, reptiles and fish from all over the world. The aquarium is the only one of its kind in Asia and displays over 500 varieties of aquatic life. Also walk through Aviary, Reptilian, and Butterfly Park to see another amazing world of wild animals. There are daily elephant performance at 5.15 p.m. Open daily between 8.00 a.m. and 6.00 p.m.


The National Zoological Gardens, popularly known as the Zoo, is a beautifully landscaped 30 acres in which a rich collection of mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes live in harmony with Nature. Although it was begun as a menagerie in the late nineteen twenties by John Hagenbeck a member of the famous show-business family from Hamburg, Germany, the Zoo was officially recognized as such only in July 1936 when the Government purchased it.


John Hargenberg, who initially started the Dehiwala Zoo, belongs to a family engaged in animal circuses. He collected and kept the animals in this premises for trade. Mr. Hargenberg exported wild animals to Europe to his brother Carl Hargenberg who was one of the biggest animal dealer in Europe at that time.


It was then a mere 9 acres in extent but has steadily grown into a beautiful Zoological Garden exhibiting animals in naturalistic setting using modern methods of husbandry. Over 1.2 million visitors pass through the Zoo's gates every year for it caters to young and old alike and is a source of healthy recreation to the average citizen especially those who come in family groups. To all its visitors the Zoo is quiet tranquil haven into which they could withdraw from the bustle of urban life.


To hold the animals before exporting them to Europe he bought 05 acres of land at Dehiwala at the beginning of the century. This became quite popular among the residents of the area. The total area of the collection centre was increased to 11 acres to hold the animals received. Subsequently the centre was taken over by the government in 1936. The extent of the land was increased gradually to present status of 25 acres. (11 ha. Approximately).

Golfing, Sri Lanka.

Golf there are three 18 hole golf courses in Sri Lanka at present. While three of them are over 100 years old the third is a just a couple of years old. Green fees are among the cheapest any one could imagine.


Sri Lanka is an ideal golfing holiday destination for those coming from the nearby cities such as Dubai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Sri Lanka is not often considered a golfing destination and after this trip you will realise what a well kept secret it is. The courses are world class and include Victoria, a course voted ‘Best in Asia 2005’. All the courses offer a different challenge and unique golfing experience. However there are further options available to suit various budgets and tastes.

Ecological Sites, Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka is a land of massive contrasts. The topographical, ecological and cultural diversity in its compact 66,000 sq km makes it truly ‘a land like no other' with no end to the nature and adventure related activities that are possible! Sri Lanka 's vast variety of habitats includes pristine rainforests, highland grasslands and tea plantations, virgin jungles, mangrove swamps, dry zone areas, white sandy beaches and several internationally recognized National Parks.


Also known as ‘the pearl in the Indian Ocean', Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon island republic) is located 29 kilometres off the south eastern tip of the Indian subcontinent. It is separated from India by the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar .


Sri Lanka can be described as ‘tropical' in its climate, with a wet and dry season, further affected by two monsoons. The Yala monsoon rain to the southwestern part of the country- from May to August, while the dry season is approximately- from - December to March. In contrast, the north and eastern coast of Sri Lanka is affected by the Maha monsoon that makes it rainy and windy from October to January and dry from May to September.


There is also an inter-monsoonal period in October and November when rain and thunderstorms can occur all around the island. These climate variations make it essential to plan your trip in advance to coincide with the best seasons for the particular areas you want to visit. Relative humidity in Sri Lanka varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night with an average temperature of 27°C in Colombo . In the higher elevations it can be quite cool with temperatures going down to 13°C at an altitude of nearly 2,000 metres. So be prepared to bring clothing for the extremes!


Such a diverse country as Sri Lanka is naturally home to an incredible variety of fauna and flora. Of the 86 species of mammals that live in Sri Lanka , pride of place goes to the majestic elephant – the second largest terrestrial animal surviving today. Other exotic species often seen are the leopard, the sloth bear, and many varieties of deer and monkeys. An island-wide prolific bird life is also sure to satisfy even the most serious of bird enthusiasts.


Sri Lanka has tremendous potential as an eco-tourist destination. It encompasses a wide variety of scenic and ecologically important natural habitats and possesses some of the richest floral and faunal bio-diversity in the region. This remarkable diversity includes 86 species of mammals, 83 snake species, 54 different species of fish and 40 separate frog species. In terms of avifauna the diversity is even more startling with over 400 species recorded on the island including 23 endemics. It is for this reason that the country, together with India’s Western Ghats mountains is considered one of the world’s 25 bio-diversity “hot spots”.


With its long-standing Buddhist tradition, Sri Lanka has an entrenched environmental ethic. This customary affiliati1234on with wild places and their animal inhabitants is exemplified by the fact that the world’s first wildlife sanctuary was located here, created by King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd Century BC. The importance of undisturbed forestland was also a concept well understood by ancient Sri Lankan royalty, manifested in the form of "Thahanankalle" or forbidden forests, which often encompassed watersheds.


The island has something to suit almost any preference, from the red earth and scrub forest of the dry zone, to the verdant splendor of the tropical rainforest; from the coastal mangroves alive with bird life to the stunning beauty of the hill country, replete with spectacular waterfalls and mist drenched montane forest. Add to this over 2500 years of recorded history, a mosaic of diverse and potent cultures and a rich archaeological heritage and one has the ideal ingredients for enlightening ecological travel.


First research attempts at growing a 'rain forest' and increasing the biodiversity in a Pinus plantation in the buffer zone of Sinharaja by introducing endemic canopy species (saplings in the middle) and other of utility value to villagers (foreground) in specially created gaps in the plantation.


» Land based Activities

- Bird Watching

- Caving

- Cycling & Mountain Biking

- Eco Tourism Concepts

- Hiking / Trekking

- Hot Air Balloon Rides

- Nature Trails

- Nature Wedding and Honeymoon Packages

- Off Road 4WD / 2WD Adventures

- Photography and Filming Missions

- Rain Forest Explorations

- Rock Climbing

- Safari Camps- Super-Luxury/ Luxury /Participatory

- Scenic Rail Rides

- Special Study tours of Fauna and Flora


» Water based Activities

- Inland and Deep Sea Fishing

- Kayaking / Canoeing

- Snorkelling and Scuba Diving

- Surfing

- Turtle Watching

- Water Skiing

- Whales and Dolphin Watching

- White Water Rafting

Cycling and Mountain Biking, Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka's mountainous terrains are among the finest of the world's best biking sites. Among the slopes, valleys and the tea plantations are tracks and trails that will lure any mountain biker. Tours range from lush tea estates to caves, rain forests, ancient temples , reservoirs etc. An exciting mixture of tea estate tracks and scenic dirt roads. Experience this tropical paradise first hand cycling through tea plantations to the idyllic beach paradise of Unawatuna. Traveling by bike you get to see the best of the country, visiting little known areas, as well as the principal cultural sites - the rock fortress at Sigiriya, Kandy's Temple of the Tooth and the tenth century capital, Polonnaruwa. The last two days of the trip are spent on the idyllic white sandy beach of Unawatuna, where you can simply relax, or if you prefer, go for guided rides in the surrounding area. A combination of tea plantation tracks, canal paths and quiet back roads takes you through the heart of the island and to the principle historic sites. Most tracks are of good quality though some are rocky; the terrain ranges from gentle hills to mountains, rides can be varied according to ability though reasonable fitness and some off-road experience is required. In many regions of Sri Lanka the bicycle is the only form of transport, so travelling by bike yourself is a great way to mix with the people and to gain access to their world. This trip covers a substantial part of the island, taking in as much as possible of the scenic and cultural variety that Sri Lanka has to offer. The combination of visits to the ancient cities, great rides through the beautiful hill country, the varied wildlife, and a chance to relax on one of the many wonderful beaches, will certainly give you a taste for serendipity. One of the advantages of a bike trip is the flexibility of the daily itinerary. It can vary widely from one trip to the next based on group desires, Mother Nature, and courtesy for other groups in the area. These typical itineraries illustrate a bike trip through various part of Sri Lanka. If you would like to custom build one for the same rates please use the Custom Tours / Inquiry form. These itineraries may vary with the time of season, weather conditions on the trip, and scheduling of hotels or campsites. if the mentioned villa or hotel becomes unavailable we will reserve a similar alternative facility in the same area. Hiking is strictly optional activity. There are many interesting hikes available. Hiking can be done in your biking shoes, durable sneakers, or lightweight hiking boots. Remember that hiking and other activities vary widely pending time, and what other plans are ahead for the day. If you prefer cycling but aren't so keen on struggling with uphill climbs, there are many interesting trails in the lowlands of Sri Lanka that take you through a beautiful landscape of tea, rubber and spice plantations or even the ancient capital of POLONNARUWA . For those seeking more of a challenge, the Sri Lankan hill country locations offer a number of steeper trails that are only suitable for more experienced mountain bikers. Whatever your experience and fitness level, the diversity of Sri Lanka has something for everyone who wants to take part in the exhilarating activity of cycling and mountain biking! We can even arrange trips moving from one location to another (and transporting luggage by a support vehicle) – just let us know what you want to do and we'll help you do it!

Polonnaruwa Visitor Information Centre and Museum

Polonnaruwa Visitor Information Centre and Museum Built with the help of the Dutch government, this centre, on the banks of the lake, uses designer displays, detailed descriptive texts and a five-minute video presentation to complement its collection of archaeological finds. With a huge scale model of the site, it brings Polonnaruwa's palaces and temples to life, and it is well worth visiting before you set out to explore the complex.

» The Royal Palace In the center of the complex stood the Royal Palace, built by Parakramabahu I and originally a massive wood and stone structure seven storeys in height, with a floor plan of 31m by 13m (100ft by 43ft).The upper floors were of wood, and only the massive, 3m (10ft) thick lower walls survive. Immediately to the east of the Palace stands the Audience Hall, used by the kings of Polonnaruwa to hear petitions from the nobles of the kingdom and to meet emissaries from foreign rulers. Superb stone lions seated at the top of the steps leading into the hall were symbols of royal power, as were the elephants which form a frieze around the lower part of the outer wall.Next to the Audience Hall is the Kumara Pokuna (Royal Bathing Pool) which was fed with water from the streamwhich runs through the palace grounds.

» Nissanka Malla's Palace Standing close to the shore of the lake, the ruins of the palace of Parakramabahu 1's successor, Nissanka Malla (1187-96), are less well preserved than those of the Royal Palace, but are attractively located. This palace group includes a royal bathing pool just south of the palace, and the King's Council Chamber, where the names of the king's ministers can be seen carved into the pillars which supported the chamber roof.

» Watadage (Quadrangle) A few yards northwest of the Siva Devale, the complex known as the Quadrangle stands within its own rectangle of walls, guarding the richest collection of ancient buildings in any of Sri Lanka's ruined capitals. In the southeast corner of the Quadrangle stands the Vatadage (reliquary), a circular building some 18m (59ft) in diameter, with four entrances leading to a central dagoba (shrine) which houses four seated Buddha images. Clockwise around this building, from the southwest corner of the Quadrangle, is the Thuparama, a fine example of the gedige style of temple architecture which flourished at Polonnaruwa, and the only one to survive with its roof still in place. West of the Vatadage is the Latha Mandapaya, a miniature dagoba encircled by stone columns topped with carved lotus buds, and surrounded by a carved stone trellis. Beyond this is the Atadage, the ruin of a tooth relic shrine built during the reign of Vijayabahu 1. Next to it is a cluster of small Hindu shrines. Immediately north of the Vatadage is the Hatadage, another tooth reliquary building which was constructed in the reign of Nissanka Malla, and to the east of this stands the Gal Pota, or Stone Book, a 9m (29ft) stone carving of one of the palm leaf books used to record Buddhist texts and royal genealogies. The inscriptions on it boast of the achievements of King Nissanka Malla, a man who seems to have been acutely aware of the long shadow cast by his great father, whose achievements he constantly sought to equal and outdo. Finally, in the northeast corner of the Quadrangle, stands the Satmahal Prasada, a six-storey, pagoda-like building which is unlike anything else in Sri Lanka, and has left archaeologists stymied as to its origin. Still within the perimeter of the city walls, north of the Quadrangle complex, are three more devales, including a Siva Devale to the west of the road, and on the opposite side of the road a Vishnu Devale and yet another Siva Devale, a stone temple which is the oldest surviving building at Polonnaruwa. South of it looms the Parakramabahu Vihara, one of the largest dagobas in Polonnaruwa.

» Alahana Pirivena Complex North of the city walls, and scattered close to the roadside over a distance of some 6km (4 miles) from the main site, are several striking buildings, some of which are in the process of restoration.

» Rankot Vihara The largest dagoba in Polonnaruwa at 55m (180ft) high, this building is the hub of the group of buildings known as the Alahana Pirivena ('Crematory College') group which formed part of a monastic college during the reign of Parakramabahu.

» Lankatilaka Gedige A huge temple built during the reign of Parakramabahu, the 17m (56ft) high walls still stand, but the roof is gone, as is the head of the colossal Buddha image that stands within. The walls are carved with friezes of Polonnaruwa in its golden age.

» Kiri ('White') Vihara Aptly named, this large dagoba's whitewashed plaster has survived seven centuries of abandonment to the jungle between the collapse of the Polonnaruwa kingdom and its rediscovery in the 19th century. It is the best preserved of the island's unrestored dagobas.

» Gal Vihara Also known as the Cave of the Spirits of Knowledge, this is one of the most important Buddhist shrines. It takes the form of three colossal Buddha images carved out of a granite cliff. Most prominent is the standing image, 7m (23ft) tall, which was at one time thought to represent Ananda, the Buddha's first disciple, but is now regarded as being a Buddha image like the others. Next to it is an enormous 14m (46ft) reclining Buddha. Two smaller, less skillfully carved Buddha images occupy niches in the rock nearby.

» Demala Maha Seya Abandoned before completion, this large mound is what remains of Parakramabahu's grandiose bid to build the largest dagoba in the Buddhist world. He died before the work was completed.

» Siva Devale Immediately north of the Royal Palace complex is the Siva Devale, a 13th-century Hindu temple dating from the period of south Indian conquest that followed the final decline of Sinhalese power in the north of the island. The technical skills of its masons are evident from the fine, precisely cut stonework of its walls. The brick domed roof, however, has not survived. There are several Siva Devales (Shiva Temples) at Polonnaruwa, reflecting the popularity of this powerful member of Hinduism's ruling trinity of deities.

Visiting The Tea Trails In Sri Lanka

Written by Jennifer -

Located in the heart of the island is Sri Lanka’s hill country, home to the famous Ceylon Tea plantations. This area around Nuwara Eliya is well worth a visit and was, rather surprisingly, the highlight of my recent trip for its sheer beauty.

tea plantations

It offers stunning rugged scenery with dramatic mountains, plunging picturesque waterfalls and lush green carpeted hills. Reminiscent of the Scottish Highlands or areas of the Lake District, the landscape is bursting with manicured green hills and has a real sense of serenity.
I simply enjoyed looking out the car window as we drove through the area. It’s worth noting though that if you suffer from car sickness then I would definitely recommend taking some tablets before embarking on your journey through the hill country. The roads are made up of continuous hair-pin bends, which weave in and around the mountain edge, with a sheer drop to the valley floor on one side – not good for those with a queasy stomach!
However, it’s because of this that picture perfect opportunities are abound and I had to prevent myself asking for the driver to stop every 500 yards so I could take another picture. I was somewhat snap happy to say the least!
You can’t visit the hill country without doing a tour of a tea factory. There are numerous tea estates you can visit, however your driver or tour guide will doubtless pick one for you. I was taken through a factory and shown every manufacturing process – from the tea leaves being plucked, crushed, fermented, oven fired and so on. I was then shown the different grades of tea before finally being taken to a shop where the tea tasting takes place and, as predicted, I purchased a whole stash of their finest brand.

tea factory

Whilst I normally never buy anything from a tour as I begrudge the fact it’s always expected from you, I really didn’t mind on this occasion. Tea export is crucial to Sri Lanka’s national economy and it’s part of their heritage so it just seemed wrong to walk away empty handed. Plus, every time I have my morning cuppa I remember the drive through those verdant hills and it brings it all back. Ah, memories

Mount Sigiriya, otherwise known as the lion rock, was built in the 5th century AD and is a must-see for any visitor touring the cultural triangle in Sri Lanka or heading north of the airport…

Mount Sigiriya, otherwise known as the lion rock, was built in the 5th century AD and is a must-see for any visitor touring the cultural triangle in Sri Lanka or heading north of the airport…
Most people visit either early morning or late afternoon when the temperature is less oppressive.  Depending on your guide (and perhaps more so on your own enthusiasm for history and architecture) it can take up to half a day to see it all. Tony Robinson from Time Team may want to stay a while, but two to three hours was enough for me!
The paths are muddy and can be slippery when wet so my top tip is to wear shoes or trainers with a good grip. My old trustworthy Havaina flip flops seemed like a good idea at the time (it was a very hot sunny day), but I ended up falling over on my bum on the way down. Whilst this didn’t do a lot for my street cred, more importantly it was hard to concentrate on all the fascinating history from my guide when I felt like I’d wet myself and people were staring and laughing at my derriere.   So wear shoes – no matter what the weather is like!
The tour itself starts at the base of the rock where the moat, water gardens, pools and the boulder gardens, which are a little further up, are all located. In some places, one side of the symmetrical gardens has been excavated to reveal them as they would have looked centuries ago whilst the other half has been left (to an extent) so you can see how wild nature has helped preserve the city for an astonishing 7,000 years.
As you begin to climb the steps and move your way up through the boulder and terrace gardens, you reach two spiral staircases which lead you up the sheer rock face to a series of painted frescoes. Flash photography isn’t allowed here and if you suffer vertigo and your legs are already quivering at this point then probably best you don’t attempt the summit further on.
After this you’ll pass the mirrored wall with graffiti dating back to the seventh century. No tags, stick men or Banksy style artwork here, but a lot of ancient Sinhalese script. Still quite impressive though.
Continue steeply up a load of limestone steps and you reach the Lion Platform where two enormous paws carved out of the rock are all that remain of a gigantic lion statue. This is a good place to stop, catch your breath and take a photo before embarking on the final staircase that leads up to the summit.

Oddly, there is a large cage at the base of the steps. Apparently this has been erected as hornets have recently been nesting in the rock face. Should they attack visitors, the cage is to act as a safeguard. So if you’re allergic to bee stings then definitely take an antihistamine pen with you. You don’t want to be caught out at this height!
Vertigo sufferers may need some Dutch courage to climb the summit as the staircase feels incredibly narrow when you’re at such a height and the only support is a steel railing. However despite feeling vulnerable, it is definitely worth the climb. Just take is slow and steady and you’ll be more than rewarded by the magnificent views from the top.
The summit is home to the palace - the foundations of which are all that remain. Whilst it’s utterly fascinating to hear how the palace was constructed and learn about the ingenious hydraulic system which was installed using windmills to channel fresh water up to the temple, it’s really the views that are the main attraction.

After coming back down via the same narrow staircase along the edge of the rock face (it’s always worse coming down!) the path then takes you along a different route past the Cobra Hood Cave and another royal cave temple. It was at this point that I slipped in the mud so I don’t remember any significant historical value to either of these places of interest!
The tour then finishes back at the car park. Expect to be bombarded by children and adults selling the usual tat. My only purchase was a coconut so I could have a drink - so refreshing!
Don’t plan too much after your visit as you’ll no doubt be hot and sweaty (and in my case incredibly muddy) after your trek around the rock.  So give yourself time to head back to your hotel and relax and freshen up before moving on elsewhere.

Sigiriya

Here's a photo-essay form my trip there last July. Quiet amazing really.
A vantage.

To start of Sigiriya, was a palace complex cum fortress built on a rather unique granite mountain [the one that looks like a giant boulder in the first picture].

The Complex consists of the central rock, rising 200 meters above the surrounding plain, and the two rectangular precincts on the east (90 hectares) and the west (40 hectares), surrounded by two moats and three ramparts.

As I already said and now to the moat.

Lower Sigiriya , was part of a sprawling garden complex adorned by large lotus pools.

Now, what else ? Main entrance [imagine allot of Palace guards or some meditating monks what ever keeps you happy]

And Up we go [I realize I'm quiet unfit] a few breathless moments later. Kings have harems, what can we do ?

Great frescos, but not as good as Ajanta and Ellora.
Well remember I showed you a picture and told you it was the "Main Entrance", I lied. This is the main entrance. Was originally shaped as a Lion (hence the name of Lion Rock), now all that remains are the paws.

[I put my dad in the picture for reference, see those paws are big]
Some more stairs later, we're up [finally].Here the view from the top.

The original roof-top swimming pool, Ladies and Gentlemen

Yours Truly

Shopping in Sri Lanka

There are a number of things, which tourists can buy in Sri Lanka. Gems, Readymade Garments, Batiks, Tea and Handicrafts are popular shopping itineraries among the tourists. Lacquerware, Furniture, hand made Silver and Brass objects are other articles that tourists can purchase.

Ratnapura has been the main source of gems for many centuries and most of the Country's gem dealers are located in this town. Most gem cutting centers also offers gems to be set into jewelry by the visitors. Gems are also available at jewelry shops around the country.

Kandy is the best place to buy most of the handicrafts produced in Sri Lanka. There are number of shops catering to the tourists. At Kundasale, about 4km from Kandy, a village has been established recently to settle local craftsmen and their families. Visitors could watch artisans at work and purchase their products on site.

Sri Lanka is a major garment manufacturer and exporter of all kinds of clothing. Colombo is a major attraction for garment hunters. One can buy excellent selection of children's wear, beach wear, casual clothing for men and women and warm padded jackets at attractive prices from Colombo.

As the producer of the world's finest teas there are many tea sales centers at most tourist destinations around the country and at main shopping centers in Colombo.

Imitation of Dutch and British era furniture is also very popular among tourists.

Attraction cities in SriLanka - Trincomalee

Trincomalee

Trincomalee, one of the largest deep water harbours in the world, is located on the north-east part of Sri Lanka. Trincomalee has served Sri Lanka as an important seaport since the times of ancient days. On the Swami Rock stands one of the oldest Hindu temples in Sri Lanka. In Second World War, Trinco was the headquarters of Allied South-East Asia Command.
Place of Intrest
Hot Springs of Kanniya
On the way to Trincomalee is the small town of Kanniya where lie seven hot springs. All these springs are within a rectangular enclosure of high walls. The springs are seperated from one another by dwarf walls.

Dutch Fort and Naval Museum

The ruins of Fort Frederick or the Dutch Fort can be seen on the way leading to Koneswaram. The fort was actually built by the Portuguese. The Dutch took over it in 1639. Till Sri Lanka acquired independence in 1948, the Dutch Fort changed hands between four European power: Portuguese, Dutch, French and British. Late the fort was made a naval base.

A naval museum named Hoods Naval Museum is also located in the navy base.

Harbour
Harbour of Trincomalee is the third largest natural harbour in world. Naval strategic importance of Trincomalee had a great role in shaping its history. Many powers tried to capture this important fort, and in the process, fought several sea battles. Currently Sri Lankan is trying to develop Trincomalee as a commercial harbour.

Buddhist Shrine
Tiriyayi, located 35km off Trincomalee, is a place of Buddhist interest. Ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery have been discovered here. A Sanskrit inscription on a rock names the shrine Giri Kandi Caitiya.

Swami Rock
Legend holds that Swami Rock, a rocky outcrop, was once a colossal Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Koneswara. A new temple is now built near the location. Friday evening pujas here are very colorful. Point of Lover's Leap is located within the Swami Rock.

Beaches
Nilaweli and Uppuveli, considered among the best beaches in Sri Lanka, are very good for activities like snorekelling and sunbathing. Both the beaches are located 16 km and 6km off the town respectively. are among the best beaches in Sri Lanka. Knee deep shallow seas goes out hundreds of feet inside the sea.

Distance from Major Towns

Colombo	257 Km
Kandy	182 Km
Anuradhapura	106 Km
Polonnaruwa	129 Km
Dambulla	106 Km

Adventure Sports in Kitulgala

Kitulgala

Kitulgala is lovely little town on the banks of Kelani River, particularly famous for White Water Rafting. The town derives its name from strangely prehistoric-looking kitul tree, which abounds the region in vast numbers. Many of the resorts here have colonial aire and originally built for visiting colonial masters. Kitulgala is a nice place for those people who want to take a break in the lap of the mountains.
Adventure Sports
Adventure lovers often visit Kitulgala to enjoy the game of whitewater rafting which is arguably the best in Sri Lanka. Several movies have also been shot in the place, most famous of which is David Lean's award winning classic ‘Bridge on the River Kwai.' Movie lovers can visit the place to enjoy the original location where the movie was shot. Kitulgala sits prettily among the low waving hills carpeted by lush vegetation.

White Water Rafting

Organisers of Whit Water Rafting segregate the Kelani east of Kitulgala into three sections. Most of the adventure seekers take the scenic middle section, which consists of 10 level two, and level three rapids, which are seperated by tranquil water. The upper section is most challenging. Between rapids number of calm stretches is few. Only experienced groups take this section. On the contrary, the lower section is calm enough for the uninitiated to introduce themselves to white water rafting.

Bridge on River Kwai
The movie ‘Bridge on River Kwai’ was shot in Kitulgala in its entirity. Impressed by attributes of Kitulgala film director David Lean picked up Kutulgala as the location for bridge construction and destruction scenes. One can stroll down to the place where the movie was shot.

Hikkaduwa attraction

Hikkaduwa

Hikkaduwa, considered most developed beach resort in Sri Lanka is an ideal place for relaxation in Sri Lanka and particularly popular among western tourists. The place has wonderful waves both for learners and good surfers. The place offers more than 18 locations for great scuba diving and sea adventures. Glass-bottomed boats are available for providing view of underwater beauty. You can enjoy coral sanctuary by indulging in snorekelling. You can also indulge in several other water sports and activities. People interested in diving can avail complete diving facilities. Few tourists in Hikkaduwa fail to watch the beautiful sunset where a dazzling show of colors illuminates the sky! Surfing, snorekelling and sun-bathing are most popular activities on this beach.

Hikkaduwa has string of accommodation, nice restaurants and relaxing cafe-lined beaches. If you want to take back keepsakes or gifts for friends and family, you can shop in handicraft shops catering to your every demand. You can also visit a Buddhist temple and a neighborhood lake having abundant birdlife. One can also enjoy vibrant nightlife here. The day can be enjoyed indulging in various sports activities and nights can be used for eating delicious fresh seafood.

Narigama and Thiranagama, located south of the city, are known for sailing.

Location

Hikkaduwa beach is located on the southern coast of Sri Lanka, about 20km to the north-west of Galle. The beach resort destination is on the way from Colombo to Galle on the famous Galle road.

Transport & Accommodation
You can bus/train/car for Hikkaduwa. As for accommodation best places for residing are in area called Wewala, 3km off railway station/bus stand.

Apparels as Souvenirs
Hikkaduwa has got number of tailors. Several families who lost their everything in 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami were given sewing machines as help to earn their livelihood. These people use the machines to make customised apparel for their customers.

As Surfing Destination
Qualities of Hikkaduwas as surfing destination are segregated as below:

Wave Quality	Good
Experience	All kind of surfers
Public Access	Yes
Sea Bottom	Reef (coral,sharp rocks etc..) with sand
Week Crowd	Crowded
Week-end Crowd	Ultra Crowded

adam's Peak in srilanka

Adam's Peak

Adam's Peak is distinct because it is held sacrosanct by the followers of four religions: Buddhism, Hindus, Christians and Muslims. The peak obtrudes sharply skywards from the verdant forests of south-western Sri Lanka. Adam's Peak is also knwon as Samanalakande or the 'butterfly mountain' because of so many butterflies. The mountain seems more impressive from the seaside. Certain parts of the track leading up the mountain are extremely steep.

What People Believe?
Buddhists consider the mark to be the footprint of Buddha which left behind as he walked away from the Adam's Bridge. The Hindus take it to be the footprint of Lord Shiva. Christians relate the footprints to Saint Thomas. Muslims think them to be of Adam.

Atop The Peak
Atop the peak is a platform (74 x 24 feet) where is located a small Buddhist temple and the shrine of Saman with the strange footprint.

History of the Peak

Long before these religions evolved, the mountain was worshipped by Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Sri Lanka. Their named the peak Samanala Kanda; Saman being one of the four guardian deities of the island. During the course of history it was visited by several world travellers them the Arab Ibn Batuta (1304-1368) and the Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324).

When to Go
Pilgrimage season is from December to May, most busy in January and February. You can visit at other times of year too, but it would be difficult to climb because of mist and rain.

Routes
Northern Route
From Colombo go to Nuwara Eliya and then to Hatton passing through tea plantations. Take busses, three-wheeler or taxi to Dalhousie, 33 km south-west of Hatton. You can see Adam's Peak most of the way from Hatton. You would take 2½ to 4 hours to climb. It would be nice to start the trek around 3AM in morning. The first signs of famous dawn comes around 6 and sunrise is usually between 6.30 and 7. Don't forget to take plenty of clothes or you would shiver.

Southern Route
Then route akes at least 7 hours, actually more than this. However locals prefer this because of more merit associated with it. Go to Ratnapura from Colombo and then take a taxi or bus to Carney Estate. After the village, the path up the mountain side through rainforest is extremely tirering. If you are fond of tough trekking you might like this.

Accommodation
Wathsala Inn, Green House and Yellow House are few places to stay her

What is Ecotourism?

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."
According to Ron Mader from Planeta's Web site most definitions of ecotourism boil down to 3 main components to explain what ecotourism is:
1) It provides for conservation measures
2) It includes meaningful community participation and
3) It is profitable and can sustain itself.
One problem with defining ecotourism is that it has to take into account each countries unique culture, society, and economics. It would therefore be impossible to come up with one exact definition worldwide.
I recently spent a year living in Mexico. There were no recycling facilities that were easily available, but if you look at the culture you see that these are a people that waste very little. So they might be given a zero in terms of recycling, but that would be misleading.
Another problem I see is that if a group of people is on a subsistence level, then how can you spark interest in the environment? When you are consumed with feeding your family, it is hard to worry about the plight of some endangered animal. So perhaps efforts need to be directed on creating jobs and educating local people. I see this as an important point and leads back to Ron Mader's definition of ecotourism, that it include meaningful community participation.
By creating jobs and educating local people it becomes easier to provide conservation measures and make it become profitable and sustain itself.
As with most things, ecotourism is evolving and so is the definition.
One thing that needs to be addressed head on is the impact that ecotourism might have on the local wild animals. Studies show that wild animals get stressed when people are around. It is therefore our responsibility to stay on designated paths and carry binoculars. If we keep our distance, we improve the chances of wild animals prospering.
For some thoughts and ideas about how you can minimize your impact when travelling: Eco Guide
Below you will find a link to amazon with some more reading on eco tourism.

Rivertime Resort and Ecolodge Ecotourism Practices

Rivertime Resort and Ecolodge Ecotourism Practices

There are many considerations when designing, building and operating an ecotourism resort that differ from more general tourist accommodation. Compliance with a wide range of requirements is necessary for inclusion in the important ecotourism associations as well as to satisfy green-minded guests. For example: air-conditioning is not considered necessary for ecolodges, but hot water showers are a must; energy consumption should be kept to a minimum; the ecolodge should cause minimal or no damage to the local environment; local communities should be supported; waste should be recycled, etc. etc. (a very useful and detailed description and CD-ROM on ‘Designing and Operating an Ecolodge in the Lao PDR’ produced by the Mekong Tourism Development Project can be obtained from the Lao National Tourism Administration).
However, no ecolodge can claim to be 100% ‘green’ and we are no exception. Basically, what distinguishes Rivertime and other ecolodges from other forms of accommodation is that ecolodges make serious, sustained efforts to build environmentally-friendly facilities and procedures into their operations.
International eco-tourism associations define ecolodges as:
• minimizing forest destruction and supporting conservation of nature both generally and in the local area
• maximizing the use of local, organically-grown fruits and vegetables
• using local architecture and labour
• minimizing the use of energy
• minimizing negative impacts on nearby villages
• employing local people
• supporting the local community in terms of education, development, etc.
• minimizing water use and managing waste
Here is a detailed description of how our resort tries to live up to these goals.
• minimizing forest destruction and supporting conservation of nature both generally and in the local area
The resort was constructed without the cutting down of a single tree in the densely forest area of the resort grounds. This was achieved by carefully and respectfully locating each lodge, sala and other constructions in whatever space was naturally available within the forest. This was also the case with the extensive, one-metre-wide, forest footpaths which were designed to wind through the forest, flanked by dense natural growth (grasses, bushes, flowering plants as well as trees). The dense forest canopy covering most of the resort was also left undisturbed and the forest continues to be a sanctuary for many varieties of insect, reptile, amphibians, birds and butterflies.
• maximizing the use of local, organically-grown fruits and vegetables
All our fruit and vegetables are local and organically-grown. During the dry season, we cultivate organic vegetables on the banks of the river near the floating restaurant. When the river rises up the river banks, we are still able to use home-grown organic vegetables from the organic vegetable garden in the garden restaurant.
• using local architecture and labour
Our resort buildings were designed to be compatible with traditional Lao rural architecture while including features (such as European-style bathrooms) to improve the convenience to non-Lao guests of the resort. All the lodges, the office, the floating restaurant and internal walkways and salas were built entirely by tradesmen from three local villages, often in family groups, who displayed tremendous skill, innovation and care in all the construction, including difficult tile work and glass installation, carpentry, installation of European toilets and shower facilities, much of which was new to them. An example of their diligence is that each of the resort lodges wooden roof times was individually carved, on site, by hand. Throughout the construction period, these village craftspeople made substantial design contributions and showed tremendous patience in dealing with the changing demands of the main designers (Philip and Khamkeun) for whom ecolodge construction was also a new venture. In addition to the resort buildings, all the furniture in the resort and floating restaurant was produced by local villagers, much of it built onsite by local craftsmen and women.
• minimizing the use of energy
Shower units in the resort bathrooms use on-demand heaters. The resort lodges and restaurant do not use air conditioners but use natural air flow and fans for cooling. All clothes, dishes and linens are hand-washed and air-dried. Low wattage fluorescent light bulbs are used in some, but not all, locations. The electricity used in the resort is produced by falling water (i.e. hydropower from the Nam Ngum hydro-electric power plant upstream from the resort). Hydropower is generally considered to be ‘green’ in the eyes of most environmentalists as, once established, the power plants produce no carbon emissions. However, we do lose some environmental ‘points’ in this category since we use no solar power such as solar water heaters. We looked into installing solar water heaters (which would have had to be on the lodge roofs) and would have liked to install them. However, we found that, for the heaters to be at all effective, we would have had to cut down the canopy producing trees which stop direct sunlight from reaching the roofs of all the lodges. To have cut down all those trees just to earn some more environmental ‘points’ would have been purely cosmetic and would have defeated the objective of preserving the forest environment.
• minimizing negative impacts on nearby villages
We have developed a very positive relationship with nearby villages since we began construction of the resort. The construction of the resort was achieved solely using local labour and expertise. People from local villages continue to benefit in many ways from our presence, for example: guests often buy handicraft items such as hand-woven Lao skirts, etc. which are produced by these villagers; older women from the local community are often brought in to provide traditional massages for our guests and local tuk-tuk drivers provide transport for our guests.
• employing local people
All our staff are local people from nearby villages. In addition to providing all staff with accommodation plus 3 meals a day, we pay salaries which are 20% to 40% more than other resorts, hotels and restaurants. Because we recruit locally in a rural area, it is usually not possible to find staff with high levels of education or English skills, and so on the job and English language training is an ongoing commitment we make to our staff and standard of service.
• supporting the local community in terms of education, development, etc.
Children in five local primary schools benefit extensively from donations of educational materials and school infrastructure as well as receiving English language classes from the resort operators and volunteer guests. Village community organizations receive annual contributions to village development funds in return for their commitment to preserving the natural beauty and cleanliness of the local area.
• minimizing water use and managing waste
We use low water use toilets. (We researched and considered the use of environmentally-correct, water-free ‘dry toilets’ but decided this would be a step too far us and, we believe, for our guests). Deep well water is used for toilets, washing clothes and dishes. High-quality, 3-stage, chemical-free filtration system is used to produce drinking water and water for food preparation. Linens, tablecloths, bed sheets and towels are only cleaned every 3 days or on demand. Our swimming pool uses flowing river water that needs no chemical treatment.
We reduce, re-use and recycle as much as possible. Organic waste from the restaurant and kitchen is used as natural fertilizer for our organic vegetable garden on the river bank. Synthetic waste is collected weekly, bundled up and sent to a recycling plant 8 km. from the resort location where it is graded, broken down into chips and sold on to a variety of industries around Vientiane .
The future
In the coming year, we will continue to develop and improve our resort, including further developing the Rice Farming Experience, which we offer to our guests, by adding to the existing Lao agriculture PowerPoint presentation and finding more local farm sites where guests can go into the field to experience actual rice farming work. Also, we are hoping to introduce a Lao Buddhism Experience component to the extensive range of activities we offer guests. We also hope to have enough funds to build a traditional Lao sauna and massage facility. We already offer Lao massages which are given in the private lodges by skilled elderly ladies from the nearby village and who greatly appreciate the opportunity to earn a little extra income.
For more information check out their website: Rivertime
Resort and Ecolodge

Eco-tourism - Sinharaja ForestSinharaja Forest

Sinharaja Forest                                                             
Singharaja Forest Reserve is the most famous rainforest of the country. This tropical rain forest is a living heritage. Bio diversity of the forest is very high and a large proportion of the flora in this forest is endemic to the country and some endemic to the Singharaja Forest itself. This is a very good place to see many endemic birds such as Ceylon Lorikeet, Layard's parakeet, Jungle and Spur Fowl, Ceylon Wood Pigeon, Grey Hombill, Spotted wing Thrush, Rufous and Brown- capped Babbler, Ashy-headed Laughing Thrush, Ceylon Blue Magpie, White Headed Starling, Ceylon Hill Mynha, Legge's Flowerpecker. The clear cut roads in to the jungle provide easy access to the forest. This important forest is a Man and Biosphere Forest reserve and it is considered as a World Heritage Site.

1. IUCN Management Category  II (National Park), Biosphere Reserve, Natural World Heritage Site - Criteria ii, iv
   
2. Geographical Location Situated in the south-west lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka, within Sabaragamuwa and Southern provinces. It is bounded on the north by the Napola Dola and Koskulana Ganga, on the south and south-west by the Maha Dola and Gin Ganga, on the west by the Kalukandawa Ela and Kudawa Ganga and on the east by an ancient footpath near Beverley Tea Estate and by the Denuwa Kanda. 6°21'-6°26'N, 80°21'-80°34'E
   
3. Date and History of establishment Notified a national heritage wilderness area on 21 October 1988 (Gazette No. 528/14). Most of the area was originally declared a forest reserve on 3 May 1875 under the Waste Lands Ordinance and notified in the Ceylon Government Gazette No. 4046, dated 8 May 1875, while the rest was notified a proposed forest reserve in the early 20th century. Sinharaja Forest Reserve, comprising the existing and proposed forest reserves, was declared a biosphere reserve in April 1978, and inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1988.
   
4. Area According to Gazette No. 528/14, the total area of the national heritage wilderness area is 18,899 acres and 12 perches (7,648.2ha). The area of the biosphere reserve and World Heritage site as cited in the respective nominations is 8,864ha, of which 6,092ha is forest reserve and 2,772ha is a proposed forest reserve.
   
5. Land tenure State
   
6. Altitude Ranges from 300m to 1,170m (Hinipitigala Peak).
   
7. Physical features This narrow strip of undulating terrain consists of a series of ridges and valleys. It is drained by an intricate network of streams, which flow into the Gin Ganga on the southern boundary and Kalu Ganga, via the Napola Dola, Koskulana Ganga and Kudawa Ganga, on the northern boundary. The reserve lies within the transition zone of two important rock types characteristic of Sri Lanka. The south-western group consists of metasediments, charnokites and scapolite-bearing calc-granulites, while the highland group comprises khondalites of metamorphosed sediments and charnokites (Cooray, 1978). Mostsignificant is the presence of the Sinharaja Basic Zone, consisting of hornblende, pyriclasts, basic charnokites, pyroxene amphibolites and scapolite-bearing calc-granulites and blended with small amounts of quartzites, garnet-biotite gneisses and intermediate charnokites (Hapuarachi et al., 1964). This zone coincides with an aeromagnetic anomaly, which has probably contributed to the desilication process responsible for the gem fields in the area (Katz, 1972; Munasinghe and Dissanayake, 1980). Soils, which largely belong to the red-yellow podzolic group, are well-drained and show very little accumulation of organic matter. This characteristic is attributed to a combination of favourable climatic conditions, a diverse soil microflora effecting rapid breakdown of organic matter into constituent nutrients, and accelerated uptake and recycling of nutrients by the trees. Clear-felling of the forest, where most of the nutrients are locked up, therefore renders the soil impoverished of essential nutrients and incapable of supporting sustained commercial forestry or agriculture (Forest Department, 1986). Information on soil profiles and soil microfungi are given in Zoysa and Raheem (1987).
   
8. Climate Based on meteorological records gathered from in and around Sinharaja over the last 60 years, annual rainfall has ranged from 3614mm to 5006mm and temperatures from 19°C to 34°C (Zoysa and Raheem, 1987). Most precipitation emanates from the south-west monsoons during May-July and the north-east monsoons during November-January. Conditions are dry in February.
   
9. VegetationTwo main types of forest can be recognised. Remnants of Dipterocarpus forest occur in valleys and on their lower slopes, with hora D. zeylanicus and bu hora D. hispidus present in almost pure stands. Secondary forest and scrub occur where the original forest cover has been removed by shifting cultivation and in other places the forest has been replaced by rubber and tea plantations (Rosayro, 1954). Mesua-Doona (Shorea) forest, the climax vegetation over most of the reserve, covers the middle and upper slopes above 500m (Rosayro, 1942) or above 335m as suggested by Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke (1985). Garcinia hermonii followed by Xylopia championii invariably dominate the understorey tree stratum, a range of species dominate the subcanopy and na Mesua nagassarium usually predominates in the canopy layer (Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke, 1985). Details about the structure and composition of the vegetation are summarised by Zoysa and Raheem (1987). Of Sri Lanka's 830 endemic species, 217 trees and woody climbers are found in the lowland wet zone (Peeris, 1975). Of these, 139 (64%) have been recorded in Sinharaja (Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke, 1985), 16 of which are considered to be rare (Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke, 1981). Other rare endemics are the palm Loxococcus rupicola (R) and Atalantia rotundifolia, the latter being restricted to Sinhagala at 742m. Of 211 recorded species of trees and woody climbers, 40% have low population densities (less than or 10 or fewer individuals per 25ha) and 43% have restricted distributions, rendering them vulnerable to further encroachments into the reserve (Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke, 1981). A variety of plants of known benefit to man are present, of which palm kitul Caryota urens (for jaggery, a sugar substitute), wewal Calamus sp. (for cane), cardamom Elattaria ensal (as spice), Shorea sp. (for flour), dun Shorea sp. (for varnish and incense) and weniwal Coscinium fenestratum (for medicinal purposes) are used intensively by villagers. A list of 202 plants, together with their endemicity and uses is given in the draft conservation plan (Forest Department, 1985).
   
10. Fauna An early account of the fauna is given by Baker (1937). Preliminary lists of the fauna (viz. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and butterflies) have been compiled (March for Conservation, 1985) and are included in the draft conservation plan (ForestDepartment, 1985). Endemism is high, particularly for birds with 19 (95%) of 20 species endemic to Sri Lanka present. Endemism among mammals and butterflies is also greater than 50%. Threatened mammals are leopard Panthera pardus and Indian elephant Elephas maximus (E). The endemic purple-faced langur Presbytis senex is present. Birds considered to be endangered or rare (Hoffmann, 1984) are Sri Lanka wood pigeon Columba torringtoni, green-billed coucal Centropus chlororhynchus, Sri Lanka white-headed starling Sturnus senex, Sri Lanka blue magpie Cissa ornata, and ashy-headed babbler Garrulax cinereifrons, all of which are endemic, and red-faced malkoha Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus. Of interest is the presence of Sri Lanka broad-billed roller Eurystomus orientalis irisi (I), sightings of which have decreased markedly in the last five years (Zoysa and Raheem, 1987). Of the reptiles and amphibia, python Python molurus is vulnerable and a number of endemic species are likely to be threatened. Noteworthy species include Calotes liolepis, the rarest of all Agamids on the island, the rare rough-nose horned lizard Ceratophora aspera, restricted to part of Sri Lanka's wet zone, and Ramella palmata, a rare endemic microhylid (Zoysa and Raheem, 1987). Threatened freshwater fish are combtail Belontia signata (R), smooth-breasted snakehead Channa orientalis (R), black ruby barb Barbus nigrofasciatus (V), cherry barb Barbus titeya (V) and red-tail goby Sicydium halei (V), the conservation status of which is considered in Evans (1981). Of the 21 species of endemic butterfly, Sri Lanka rose Atrophaneura jophon is vulnerable (Collins and Morris, 1985). Sri Lankan five-bar sword Graphium antiphates ceylonicus, which is considered to be very rare, is not uncommon in Sinharaja at certain times of the year (J.N. Banks, pers. comm., 1986). Zoysa and Raheem (1987) comprehensively summarise what is known about the fauna.
    
11. Cultural Heritage The Sinharaja region has long featured in the legends and lore of the people of Sri Lanka. Its name, literally meaning lion (sinha) king (raja), perhaps refers to the original 'king-sized or royal forest of the Sinhalese', a people of the legendary 'lion-race' of Sri Lanka (Hoffmann, 1979), or to the home of a legendary lion of Sri Lanka.
    
12. Local and Human Population There are two villages within the south-west of the reserve, namely Warukandeniya and Kolonthotuwa, and about 52 families live in the north-western sector. At least 20 other settlements occur on the periphery, an unknown number of which have been illegally established on state land without approval from the relevant authorities. The total population is in excess of 5,000 people. Some land adjacent to the reserve is under private ownership, including small tea and rubber plantations. The extent to which local people are economically dependent on rain forest resources is variable but about 8% of households might be completely dependent (Silva, 1985).
    
13. Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors are low in number and mostly naturalists. Entry is by permit, obtainable from the Forest Department in Colombo. There are nature trails to the peaks of Moulawella and Sinhagala. Guidebooks to the Moulawella Trail and to the secondary vegetation have recently been prepared (Gunatilleke et al., 1987a, 1987b). Some accommodation is available with the Forest Department near the reserve entrance at Kudawa. Further facilities are planned.
    
14. Scientific research an Facilities Among the earliest studies are those of Baker (1937, 1938). Rosayro (1954, 1959), Andrews (1961) and Merritt and Ranatunga (1959) assessed the area's potential for selective logging, based on aerial and ground surveys. Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke (1980, 1981, 1985) examined the floristic composition and phytosociology of woody vegetation and assessed its conservation value. Research on theendemic fauna has been undertaken by WWF/IUCN (Project 1733) and March for Conservation (Karunaratne et al., 1981). Conflicts over the local use of forest resources have been examined by McDermott (1985, 1986) and Silva (1985). An annotated vegetation/land-use map (1:40,000) of the reserve has been produced by the Forest Department (n.d.). The Natural Resources Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka has provided a field research station in the reserve. The Forest Department building at Kudawa, outside the reserve, is used by scientists and visitors.
    
15. Covservation Value Sinharaja is the last extensive primary lowland tropical rain forest in Sri Lanka. It holds a large number of endemic species of plants and animals, and a variety of plants of known benefit to man. Sinharaja Forest Reserve is the last viable remnant of Sri Lanka's tropical lowland rain forest; over 60% of the trees are endemic and many of these are rare; and there are 21 endemic bird species, and a number of rare insects, reptiles and amphibians (IUCN Technical Evaluation).
    
16. Conservation Management Sinharaja is administered by the Forest Department under the Ministry of Lands and Land Development. Recognising the need for maximum possible protection, it has recently been declared as a national heritage wilderness area under the National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act. Any excision to such an area is permissible only with the concurrence of parliament and the President of the country. The site is also partially protected under the provisions of the Forest Ordinance. Sinharaja was first recognised in 1936 as being "the only considerable patch of virgin tropical rain-forest in the island" (Baker, 1937). Owing to its inaccessibility and steep, hilly terrain, the reserve remained untouched until 1968 when a government directive was issued to extract timber for the plywood sawmill and chipwood complex established at Kosgama. From 1971 until 1977, when logging was banned, largely due to public pressure with the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society playing a leading role (see Hoffmann, 1972, 1977), about 1,400ha of forest in the western sector were selectively logged (Gunatilleke, 1978; Forest Department, 1986). Presently, the reserve has 6,500-7,000ha of unlogged forest. Since 1977, the Forest Department has given high priority to protecting the reserve and in 1978 began planting Pinus caribaea along the periphery to establish a live boundary. More recently, betelnut palm Areca catechu has been used for this purpose (Zoysa and Raheem, 1987).
    
17. A conservation plan has been officially approved (Forest Department, 1986), implementation of which is being carried out under a cooperative agreement between IUCN and the Sri Lankan government, with additional funding from the Norwegian government (Hails, 1989). In order to ensure the strict protection of the reserve for scientific and aesthetic reasons, a scheme of zonation and management is proposed for areas outside the reserve. The creation and propagation of essential forest products, for sustained utilisation, in areas outside the reserve is intended to meet local needs and thereby eliminate former dependence on resources within the reserve. Alternative strategies are either to establish a 3.2km-wide buffer zone round the reserve or to enlarge the area protected to about 47,380ha, with the reserve forming a strictly protected core area and surrounding areas set aside as buffers for various uses. The only resource which may still be legally collected, under permit, is kitul (McDermott, 1988). The preferred strategy has been to freeze resource use within the reserve at 1985 levels (when the conservation plan was prepared) and gradually eliminate futureresource dependency on the reserve by relocating villages to areas outside the reserve (Ishwaran and Erdelen, 1990).
    
18. Management Costraints Of the many constraints to the protection of Sinharaja, socio-economic ones relating to the people and organisations in the immediate vicinity of the reserve are perhaps among the most important. Encroaching cultivations are probably the biggest problem, particularly along the southern boundary (McDermot, 1985). Contractors open up routes to facilitate logging operations and, although no felling is permitted within 1.6km of the reserve boundary, this may render the reserve more accessible to illicit timber operations. Planting of Honduran mahogany Swietenia macrophylla along abandoned logging trails as an enrichment species may lead to displacement of natural species, especially as it is a prolific seed producer (Zoysa and Raheem, 1987). Alleged malpractices by the State Timber Corporation are a source of concern for the Forest Department. Private land owners along the periphery perhaps make illegitimate use of timber resources within the reserve: having felled all merchantable timber on their own land, they continue to request permits for timber (Hathurusinghe, 1985). The most important forest produce is firewood, significant quantities of which are used in the production of jaggery (McDermot, 1985; Silva, 1985). The traditional use of minor forest products, most important of which are kitul for jaggery and wewal or cane for weaving baskets, is now restricted to forest surrounding the reserve. Illicit gem mining was considered to be a serious problem in eastern parts of the reserve. It is organised mostly by wealthy merchants from outside the Sinharaja region and needs to be stopped. The lack of a uniform land-use policy and the multiplicity of governmental and semi-governmental agencies involved in land-use planning in Sri Lanka are the major administrative constraints in evolving a suitable protection plan for Sinharaja. For the moment, transactions related to lands surrounding the reserve are suspended under presidential order until such time as the conservation plan for the reserve is ready for implementation (Forest Department, 1986).
    
19. Local Address Range Forest Officer, Range Forest Office, Kudawa, Weddagala (An assistant conservator of forests will eventually be responsible for implementing the conservation plan.)
    
    Trail Map of Sinharaja
    
    

Sri Lanka Eco Lodges- Asia Ecotourism in Sri Lanka

Please let these hotels know you found them on Eco Tropical Resorts

Ranweli Holiday Village Eco Rating 3.4 out of 5 This is an eco-friendly resort located on a 22 acre peninsula. In the midst of mangrove forests, winding rivers, and the sea. We have made a strong commitment to sustainable ecotourism and have won awards for this. Come relax and enjoy the biodiversity and nature of this incredible area. LOCATION: Waikkal, Sri Lanka Ranweli Holiday Village
Tree Tops Jungle Lodge Read Reviews Come with us - on a journey back to basics, living with nature. We believe in basic comfort and offer a nature retreat extremely well integrated in our wonderful surroundings; the virgin forest, the rocky hills, and the wildlife. Via the dirt track to the lodge you leave the world behind and end up in elephant country. This jungle, the Weliara forest, is hidden between Yala National Park and the Arahat Kanda mountains. LOCATION: Buttala, Sri Lanka Tree Tops Jungle Lodge
Sigiriya Village Hotel Sigiriya Village is an exclusive jungle retreat located in the vicinity of the Sigiriya Rock, in the heartland of this Cultural Triangle, where you can enjoy the glory of an ancient culture, the nature around you in Right Royal comfort. The hotel blends with nature, thus preserving the rich natural beauty of the surrounding landscape. It is a home away from home. LOCATION: Sigiriya, Sri Lanka Sigiriya Village Hotel
The Boulder Garden Resort Located in idyllic and unspoiled surroundings in the south western lowlands of Sri Lanka. Our Resort provides a sanctuary of serenity and beauty for the utmost in relaxation for guests. Boulder Garden is only 15 minutes drive from Sinharaja rainforest, the only natural rainforest in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. LOCATION: Kalawana, Sri Lanka The Boulder Garden Resort
Hotel Tree of Life Surrounded by 700 acres of Tea land the Hotel Tree of Life has a rich history. The Old wing was an estate bungalow built during the colonial era over 100 years ago in Sri Lanka. Being close to nature and the environment, Hotel Tree of Life has pledged its commitment to encourage, support and promote ecological consciousness in the hospitality industry in Sri Lanka. LOCATION: Kandy, Sri Lanka Hotel Tree of Life
Rainforest Edge Located on top of a mountain with a panoramic view of lush green vegetation. It is the closest accommodation to Sinharaja rainforest and has the best rooms and amenities with personalized service. Consists of 7 eco friendly suites with their own balconies with views of tropical jungle. Many activities to choose from including kayaking, mountain biking, and bird watching. LOCATION: Kalawana, Sri Lanka Rainforest Edge
Kumbuk River Eco Extraordinaire This lodge is tucked away in a warm and green corner of paradise, nestled on 14 acres of natural bliss on the edge of a sleepy farming village. Time stands still in this exclusive eco enclave bordering the Kumbukkan Oya, a river that never runs dry. Kumbuk River borders Yala Wildlife Sanctuary. The entire facility can be reserved for just one touring party, from a single nature-loving person, to a small family or a bigger group of up to 10. LOCATION: Dambeyaya, Sri Lanka Kumbuk River Eco Lodge